Varanasi, also known as Benaras or Kashi, is an ancient city in Uttar Pradesh, situated on the banks of the Ganges River and dating back to the 11th century BCE. Renowned as India’s spiritual capital, it is the holiest city for Hindus and Jains, attracting numerous pilgrims who bathe in the sacred river and perform last rites. The city boasts around 2,000 temples, with the Kashi Vishwanath Temple, known as the 'Golden Temple', being a prominent site.

Historically, Varanasi has been an industrial hub famous for silk, perfumes, and ivory crafts. It is believed that Buddha delivered his first sermon nearby at Sarnath around 528 BCE. The city’s religious significance increased in the 8th century with the establishment of Shiva worship by Adi Shankara. During the Mughal era, especially under Akbar, Varanasi experienced cultural revival and temple construction. The 18th century saw significant development, and the city was recognized as the Kingdom of Benares in 1737.

Varanasi is a vital pilgrimage site where many believe dying here leads to salvation. The city is famous for its ghats—steps leading to the river where rituals are performed—such as Dashashwamedh and Manikarnika, the latter serving as a cremation site.

Ramnagar Fort, built in the 18th century, showcases Mughal architecture. With an estimated 23,000 temples, Varanasi is culturally rich, supported by the Kashi Naresh, a key patron of religious events. The city has been a center for education and music, home to the Benares gharana style of Hindustani classical music and the large Banaras Hindu University (BHU). Additionally, the Hindi newspaper *Aj* was first published here in 1920.